How the Sarbanes-Oxley Act has made an impact on business Essay

How the Sarbanes-Oxley Act has had an effect on business - Essay Example r model, the Canada’s long standing standards based stock trade was supplanted with a half and half guidelines and standards based corporate administration system that was displayed in SOX and directed by security controllers (Sibold, 2009). To a great extent, as Sibold expounds, the demonstration plans to orchestrate the worldwide monetary administration polices by moving these from the pervious standards based to standards based administration, where a worldwide stage on money related administration can be accomplished. The demonstration to a great extent bases on the board through temperances and ethics when contrasted with through guidelines. Be that as it may, Sibold (2009) contends that there are prospects of more administrators and editors utilizing the trust and good trust upgraded by this demonstration to act unscrupulously as looked at different past administration through standards. Family possessed undertakings as indicated by Sibold depict better execution of fami ly impact that centers the ventures of the firm, and this decreases the ethical dangers because of the minority value petitioners and expanding structure esteems. Along these lines, as a calling in money related administration or some other related field, the demonstration necessitates that ethical standing, excellencies and business morals must be progressively articulated in a person to stay away from irreconcilable circumstance in the working environment, where one is enticed to act unscrupulously. As an expert in budgetary administration, it is important to coordinate both the standard based and standards based methodology in money related administration to guarantee a more extensive way to deal with the board issues in accounts and lessen potential instances of deceptive practices in overseeing

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - Assignment Example Subsequently, the fulfillment of the previously mentioned levels prompts individuals to attempt to meet the perplexing needs. Essentially, the mental needs incorporates sharing of having a place, love, and love with loved ones. The fourth level involves confidence in which individuals endeavor to pick up endorsement, just as acknowledgment. Individuals accomplish confidence when they are alright with their accomplishments. Self-realization speaks to the last level in Maslow’s order of necessities. In this level, individuals center around building their picture in the wake of achieving set objectives. Generally, the Maslow’s progressive system of necessities is a significant in investigating employees’ inspiration. The Maslow’s pecking order of requirements is significant in improving the administration of the data innovation faculty. The supervisory group ought to apply the Maslow’s chain of command of necessities in comprehension the personnel’s inspiration, just as requirements so as to make the condition that rouses representatives. Disselkamp (2013) battles that cash is a genuine persuading factor in fulfilling the security and physiological needs of the laborers. In this regard, cash assumes a huge job in fulfilling the essential human needs. Essentially, cash fulfills the social needs of the representatives, and is perceived as the premise of the status, force, and regard. Hence, the executives can utilize money related impetuses to keep the degree of inspiration among data innovation work force high. Essentially, the administration of the data innovation staff should try to extend employment opportunity security. Lauby (2005) sees that representatives will in genera l be stressed over up and coming lay-offs if professional stability doesn't exist. Thus, the directors should keep the degrees of inspiration among workers high through giving them employer stability. The administrators should utilize Maslow pecking order of necessities to build up social insurance protection benefits, incidental advantages, annuity plans, retirement plans, and employer stability.

Top 10 Tips for Communicating with Us Recap COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Top 10 Tips for Communicating with Us Recap COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog During the early portion of the fall of 2010 I published a series of entries providing notes on things to consider when contacting our office, looking for information, and when applying.   In order to have a single reference point, I decided to combine all of these entries into a single entry. What you see below are links to the 10 posts.   If you have yet to review the list, I highly recommend doing so. All of the information will help to ensure that we are able to assist you in the best manner possible and that you will be able to submit your application smoothly. Number 1 â€" Always use the same email address when communicating with our office â€" this includes the email you use when you submit your application Number 2 â€" Avoid Unnecessarily Creating a Duplicate Online Application Number 3 â€" Avoid copying several parties on the same email and avoid long emails Number 4 â€" Thoroughly review our FAQ Page Number 5 â€" When leaving a voice mail message speak slowly, clearly, and state your telephone number twice Number 6 â€" If you must mail something to our office, use a private mail courier Number 7 â€" Check out our student, alumni, faculty, staff interview page Number 8 â€" Familiarize Yourself with Expenses and Start searching for fellowhips/grants as soon as possible! Number 9 â€" Attend an information session or recruitment event Number 10 â€" Subscribe to this blog!

Top 10 Tips for Communicating with Us Recap COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Top 10 Tips for Communicating with Us Recap COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog During the early portion of the fall of 2010 I published a series of entries providing notes on things to consider when contacting our office, looking for information, and when applying.   In order to have a single reference point, I decided to combine all of these entries into a single entry. What you see below are links to the 10 posts.   If you have yet to review the list, I highly recommend doing so. All of the information will help to ensure that we are able to assist you in the best manner possible and that you will be able to submit your application smoothly. Number 1 â€" Always use the same email address when communicating with our office â€" this includes the email you use when you submit your application Number 2 â€" Avoid Unnecessarily Creating a Duplicate Online Application Number 3 â€" Avoid copying several parties on the same email and avoid long emails Number 4 â€" Thoroughly review our FAQ Page Number 5 â€" When leaving a voice mail message speak slowly, clearly, and state your telephone number twice Number 6 â€" If you must mail something to our office, use a private mail courier Number 7 â€" Check out our student, alumni, faculty, staff interview page Number 8 â€" Familiarize Yourself with Expenses and Start searching for fellowhips/grants as soon as possible! Number 9 â€" Attend an information session or recruitment event Number 10 â€" Subscribe to this blog!

William Shakespeare Is A Well-Known And Recognized English

William Shakespeare is a well-known and recognized English poet. Born in the year of 1564 and 1616 marked the end of his time. In his twenties, Shakespeare decided to move to London and took up the role of being an actor and a playwright. It wasn’t until 1594 that he began his career with the Lord Chamberlain’s Men, the leading theater company at the time. Shakespeare spent his time pumping out 37 written plays and over 150 poems, which only provoked him into becoming a prominent playwright, figure in his successful work output. Shakespeare didn’t only revert to tragedies such as Macbeth, but combined fascinating plots, strong characters and beautifully constructed poetry in his plays. So inspiring that even to this day, Shakespeare and†¦show more content†¦The play doesn’t stop there, but continues in recognizing the overwhelming overload of guilt and fear, which only causes him to be driven into paranoia and commit even more murders in order to secure his power. His over-exceeding confidence in the prophecies given by the witches eventually leads him to his downfall where he’s both overthrown and killed by those he has wronged. Simply a circulating downfall driven by guilt. Tragedy – a dramatic work that presents the downfall of a dignified character that is involved in historically or socially important events. Dramatic Irony – when an audience’s awareness of a situation is different than that of the characters’. Hubris – extreme pride and arrogance in a character who brings about his/her downfall. In the play, Shakespeare writes in blank verse, the name for unrhymed iambic pentameter poetry. A Shakespearian play commonly consists of five acts, a major division of a play or drama, while ending a multitude of his scenes in rhymed couplets, a rhymed pair of lines. â€Å"To-morrow and to-morrow and to-morrow† Appearing in a large amount of blank verse lines in Macbeth, instead of ending with a stressed syllable Shakespeare frequently added an unstressed syllable to the line. The following quotation does just so in the so-called feminine ending. Fair is foul, and foul is fair This quotation is memorable for even though the witches speak in paradoxes,Show MoreRelatedEssay about William Davenant, Son of Shakespeare?930 Words   |  4 Pagesimpact on our society today. William Davenant was one of the important figures whose achievements helped to restore English literature. Those who are well versed in theater have long debated who William Davenant was and why he was important. William Davenant was rumored to be Shakespeare’s son, was crucial to the Restoration, and was a famous English poet and playwright who changed the scope of literature. Born in Oxford, England in February of 1606, William Davenant’s life was interestingRead MoreThe Most Influential Poet Of All Essay1449 Words   |  6 Pages Kenny Fancher Mrs. Sessions ENG 233 6 December, 2016 Shakespeare: The Most Influential Poet of All Shakespeare, the most recognizable and famed Author/Poet to ever live, is still such a largely loved and extremely relevant character even I today s society.. He is a widely acclaimed artist who over the span of his life has amassed many of followers and has been acknowledged by many as the greatest Dramatist of all time. He has accomplished many things throughout his life andRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Life And Life1307 Words   |  6 Pages William Shakespeare s life was very interesting, to say the least about him. â€Å"An English playwright and poet, William Shakespeare is often considered the greatest dramatist the world has ever known and the most recognized poet in the English language† (Lindaman). From a very young age, William was a very bright kid, who had gained a love for theater. Ever since that love as a kid, it only grew stronger. Not only did he have a love for theater, but also poetry. Throughout Shakespeare’s life familyRead MoreWilliam Shakespear e s Othello And The English Language1649 Words   |  7 Pagesactor and dramatist, William Shakespeare is one of the most influential and greatest writers up to this day in poetry and the English language. Known, for his many acclaimed works such as his famous plays, â€Å"Othello,† â€Å"King Lear,† and â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† etc. More than four hundred years have passed and William Shakespeare’s work still alive as if it was during the early ages of Shakespeare work. Shakespeare influenced ranges from literature, theater, films and even the English language. EspeciallyRead MorePoe vs. Shakespeare Essay1556 Words   |  7 PagesThe Comparison of Edgar Allan Poe and William Shakespeare Brandi Greene University Composition and Communication I/COM155 May 9th, 2013 University of Phoenix The Comparison of Edgar Allan Poe and William Shakespeare Many have been inspired by the likes of Edgar Allen Poe and Shakespeare in literature but, there are similarities and differences between the two. Each author could lure their audiences by the characteristics of their writing. Their places in society alsoRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hometown Of The English Language And The World s Best Dramatist1266 Words   |  6 Pages Although many knew him as a keen businessman in his hometown of Stratford, William Shakespeare is recognized as the greatest writer in the English language and the world s best dramatist. (www.goodreads.com) He wrote hundreds of songs, plays, books, and poems. During his time, his plays were well under-appreciated and a lot of his work did not appear until seven years after his death. Without Shakespeare, the English language would have never expanded at the rate it did, erasing many common wordsRead MoreTaking a Look at Shakespeares Imagery Essay1012 Words   |  5 Pagesand writing style. Shakespeare was wildly popular during the Elizabethan era. He, unlike like many authors during this time, was actually famous while he was alive. While Shakespeare was regarded as the foremost dramatist of his time, evidence indicates that both he and his contemporaries looked to poetry, not playwriting, for enduring fame. Shakespeare’s sonnets were composed between 1593 and 1601, though not published until 1609. That edition, The Sonnets of Shakespeare, consists of 154 sonnetsRead MoreElizabeth The First Was The Queen Of England And Ireland1692 Words   |  7 Pagesrebellion. Against the pressures of parliament she maintained authority of the crown. She was able to transform England’s empire from a very weak place to England’s Golden Age. During her reign the greatest artistic brilliance in English history was created, the birth of Shakespeare, the rise of trade, the rich were taxed to help the poor, and the defeat of the Spanish Armada. The daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife Anne Boleyn was Queen Elizabeth I. Elizabeth’s father was very disappointed whenRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Fraud1164 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeare the Fraud? Shakespeare was a playwright from Stratford upon Avon who had arguably the most significant influence on English literature and language. His works are still acclaimed to this day for their divine superiority, although debate has risen over the authenticity of his authorship. According to Dobson, reasons for doubting that William Shakespeare was in fact the author of his works include theories that he lacked the education, aristocratic awareness, or familiarity with the royalRead MoreThe English Of The Middle English894 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican English is consistently changing it began with the Anglo-Saxon settlement. The next settlement that helped influence the English language was the Scandinavians which have some words with hybridization with spelling from Old English and Norse origins. During the Middle English period is when the most influencing happened with the Old English being broke down and replaced with the same English system we use today. During the early mode rn periods standardization began giving a standard for

The Boom in Latin American Literature Essay examples

The Boom in Latin American Literature Simply defined, the Boom refers to the period in Latin American literature in which a number of writers achieved international acclaim for their work. It is primarily associated with the novel, although a few of the Boom writers were recognized for work in other forms as well. The Boom was in full swing throughout the 1960s and the early seventies, though precursors to the Boom, most notably Jorge Luis Borges, were internationally known as early as the 1940s. While the novels of the Boom varied substantially, and it is hard to make any all-inclusive generalizations concerning them, it is a common perception that the novels from the Boom period differed from previous Latin American writing not†¦show more content†¦The settings of these novels tended to be more universal than in the past. Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquezs Macondo, for example, could be just about anywhere. The story transcends the setting, and becomes human rather than Latin American. This transition from the regional novel to the Boom novel was the result of many colliding and coinciding forces. One important factor was the Cuban Revolution. This gave many Latin American writers, such as Cortà ¡zar, Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez, Fuentes, and Vargas Llosa, each of whom visited Cuba to show their support for the Cuban Revolution, a sort of intellectual rallying point. In fact, Castro consciously attempted to cultivate Havana as a center for Latin American intellectual activity, and pro-revolution idealists (Williams 56). Another factor was the increasing attention that U.S. publishing houses began to give to Latin American authors. Led by Harper and Row, publishers brought Latin American novels to a readership much broader than ever before (Williams 56). A magazine published in Paris, Mundo Nuevo, also brought international attention to the Boom writers (Williams 58). It was now possible for successful Latin American writers to make a living off of writing novels. This, a s much as anything, facilitated the Boom. The Boom was not just a literary period, however. The four major authors associated with the Boom, Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez, Fuentes, Cortà ¡zar, and Vargas Llosa, were also friends and close associates. From theShow MoreRelatedHistory And Latin American Literature1873 Words   |  8 PagesMany works in Latin American literature can be attributed to the multitude of historical events that transpired within the overtake of the Latin American continent by the Spanish. This interplay between Latin American literature and history gave rise to different movements as well as different styles of writing that the world had not really experienced before. When one is examining the relationship between history and Latin American Literature, it is important to chronologically analyze its materializationRead MoreEssay on 20th Century Latin American Literature3323 Words   |  14 Pages20th Century Latin American Literature Global literatures in English have always played a key role in developing international understanding and appreciation for the social realities and cultural developments beyond Western lifestyles and familiarity. For anthropologists seeking to perceive the social realities of 20th century Latin America, the work of popular authors and novelists of this century is invaluable. Popular authors are the modern mouthpieces of the people and societies who readRead MoreThe Culture Of Latin America Essay1630 Words   |  7 PagesThe culture of Latin America is multi-faceted and rich. More than 300 million Spanish speakers reside in Latin America and are spread across a vast geographic region; this makes it tough at times to explain Latin American culture. Though, there are some living standards and ways of observing life which is in common all over the majority of the area. Latin America comprises of 21 main countries. Major languages spoken in Latin America are French, Portuguese, and Spani sh. The Latin America region isRead More One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez Essay1170 Words   |  5 Pagespost expressionist. Throughout Latin America magic realism became the term to describe the style of work of the authors from 1950-1970. This period of time was also known as the â€Å"Latin boom† in literature. Magic realism has its roots in Latin America. During the time of colonization a lot of Europeans found a new world full of strange and supernatural things. Their interpretations of their experiences inspired Gabo (Gabriel Garcia Marquez). Many Latin American writers began to question thisRead MoreAn Active Role in Shaping History Essay1590 Words   |  7 PagesAn Active Role in Shaping History From the beginning of their colonization and enslavement, the histories of the Africans and the African-descended were shaped ultimately by outsiders. The colonization of Africa, the Caribbean, and Latin America were all controlled and executed by the Europeans. The slave trade and plantations were also under the power of whites. Even the emancipation of slaves, though the African-descended definitely contributed, was mostly shaped by and a result of decisionsRead MoreThe Post War Era Of Reconstruction1313 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernment in the context of the economy. This shift in dynamic and approach to economic thought was felt especially in the fledgling Latin American economies. Out of this thinking, a radical approach to increase the self sufficiency of these Latin American countries was embarked upon. The concept of Import Substitution Industrialization was pioneered to assist the Latin American countries into formulating an economy that can compete and build a better societ y for the citizens of their countries. The economicRead MoreThe Cultural Progression Of Latin America Essay1420 Words   |  6 Pages Latin America has had a very complex history since being colonized by Spain, aside from Brazil, to its current sociopolitical movements. Unfortunately, Latin America’s cultural progression did not spread and blossom as fast as other countries because they were colonized by the retrograded country of Spain. Due to the general conservatism in Iberian culture, Spain being the cause of that, Latin America did not follow the steps towards modernity, unlike French colonized countries. After the colonizationRead MoreEssay on One Hundred Years of Solitude858 Words   |  4 Pagesworlds greatest writers, Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez is a Colombian-born author and journalist, winner of the 1982 Nobel Prize for Literature and a pioneer of the Latin American Boom. Affectionately known as Gabo to millions of readers, he first won international fame with h is masterpiece, One Hundred Years of Solitude, a defining classic of twentieth century literature. Whether writing short stories, epic novels, or nonfiction, Gabo is above all a brilliant storyteller, and his writing is a tributeRead More Essay on One Hundred Years of solitude869 Words   |  4 Pagesworld’s greatest writers, Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez is a Colombian-born author and journalist, winner of the 1982 Nobel Prize for Literature and a pioneer of the Latin American â€Å"Boom.† Affectionately known as â€Å"Gabo† to millions of readers, he first won international fame with his masterpiece, One Hundred Years of Solitude, a defining classic of twentieth century literature. Whether writing short stories, epic novels, or nonfiction, Gabo is above all a brilliant storyteller, and his writing is a tributeRead MoreMagic Realism in Como Agua Para Chocolate2382 Words   |  10 Pagesdescribe the work of certain Latin American writers. The Cuban writer Alejo Carpentier (a friend of Uslar-Pietri) used the term lo real maravilloso (roughly marvelous reality) in the prologue to his novel The Kingdom of this World (1949). Carpentiers conception was of a kind of heightened reality in which elements of the miraculous could appear without seeming forced and unnatural. Carpentiers work was a key influence on the writers of the Latin American boom that emerged in the 1960s.

Sensitive Information About Cyber Bullying Essay Topics Only the Pros Know About

Sensitive Information About Cyber Bullying Essay Topics Only the Pros Know About The Basic Facts of Cyber Bullying Essay Topics So common, in reality, that the outcomes of online actions frequently don't merit another thought. Unfortunately, due to expressions of such behavior characterized by various levels of psychological pressure, the web becomes a dangerous location, which leads to rise in tension and anxiety among children. It has become an entryway into how people understand events ranging from diseases such as diabetes to issues such as social media bullying. Choosing Cyber Bullying Essay Topics Schools should have counselors to aid the students and let them overcome any challenging circumstance. School bullying is just one of the fundamental issues in many educational institutions. Students should know of what constitutes bullying. They rarely report being abused on the Internet, mostly because they realize that their parents and teachers would not help them. Children have to be made aware about the effects of sharing personal information online. They do not want to go to school or to go outside. They should never agree to meet with someone they met over the internet or online. They should be taught what to do if the situation arrises. Cyber Bullying Essay Topics Options The world wide web has a pivotal effect on society today. While it has long become a dangerous place with all the viruses and programming faults, today it has become a dangerous place for people. It opened the world of unique opportunities and possibilities, as well as of new dangers. It is the place where cyberbullying is most common. Some people think that social media addiction is a myth, while some argue it is a true thing. Another suicide happened in Massachusetts. There are additional times when victims might try to steer clear of extra bullying by changing something about their attitude or visual appeal. A cyber bully is somebody who torments other pe ople's lives employing digital technologies. The Foolproof Cyber Bullying Essay Topics Strategy Going through sample essays would assist you in learning to recognize the proper topic for you. The range of arguments which you will make largely is dependent on the length of time your essay should be. In the end, the essay should be concluded by means of a conclusion which explains you've reached at your point what you said in the thesis. An essay on bullying isn't restricted to defining the term. An essay on bullying could have several categories. Communication is an indispensable step in getting to understand about their circumstance. As soon as you've selected a wide subject, you should narrow it down to a specific matter. A Secret Weapon for Cyber Bullying Essay Topics Although young individuals utilize the internet on a daily basis because of its high level of accessibility, with no surveillance, children and adolescents are vulnerable to different dangers. Additional the bullied kid will be impacted in terms and conditions of their personality. It's a fact that if you're bullied at school then you just have to go home and end it, if you're cyber-bullied you have nowhere to go. The school should take in affect how it is able to influence a students life who is being bullied all of the time. The other method of handling cyber bullying is by telling the schoolteachers and administrators in the event the bully is occurring in the schools. It's also harder to reduce bullying and punish abusers because they frequently stay anonymous. In summary, cyber bullying has rather damaging consequences to individuals. It has become so prevalent in America for several reasons, One of the reasons is that the bully usually remains anonymous and it becomes easy to bully without the risk of being caught. There are lots of perspectives to bullying. Today, bullying schemes have extended to the on-line atmosphere. Regular campaigns and programs ought to be conducted at school to teach students about cyber bullying and keep them against these sorts of activities. Such organizations have a tendency to sensitize the public of the typical kinds of cyber bullying.

Institutional Pressures and HRM †Free Assignment Solution

Question: Describe about the Institutional Pressures and HRM? Answer: Introduction There was a time when Human Resource Management was considered as a secondary function in the organization. With time, organizations have expanded in different parts of the world and HRM has emerged as a critical organizational function. The role of HR managers have also evolved from a reactive role to proactive role. Today, it is expected that HR managers would be able to bring transformational change in the organization (Pochet, 2011). This era is market with high competition and organizations have realized that their employees is their biggest asset. The role of HR managers is to ensure that organizations can get and can retain best of the talent. It can be said that in todays world, HR managers are not only the managers that do operational work but they also have to exhibit thought leadership in the organization. In this era of globalization, multinational organizations have expanded in different parts of the world. Today, companies like Microsoft; Walmart has to work in different cultures. The companies like Google and Facebook have their presence in almost every part of the world. There are certain cross-cultural issues that arises in multicultural environment. It is the role of HR managers to ensure that cultural issues could be resolved. Today, HR managers are also involved in strategic nature of the business (Taplin, 2013). The role of HR managers has evolved from operational work to strategic work. In todays world, there exists a strong integration with Human Resource Management and other core organization function like Marketing and Finance. Organizations have realized that eventually the management is all about People management and it is the people that can help organizations to develop and grow. The objective of this paper is to discuss and analyze various roles of a Human Resource Function and its practitioners. Analysis With a change in time, organizations have changed, organizations functions have evolved, and HRM function has also changed. Therefore, the time demands that the traditional function of HR function should also be changed. The traditional roots of HR managers could be traced back to the era of trade unions. In current time, trade unions functions has also changed. It would be good if trade unions can work and perform along with strategic HRM function in an organization (Dunn, 2009). People may have the opinion that HRM is a cosmetic function but it can be said that HRM is a strong function and with time, this function has evolved. Today, HRM is not only a support function in the organization and HRM function is definitely more than people management. It can be said that establishment of HRM practices in a formal way have definitely help to handle employee grievances. With the increase focus on HRM as a critical organizational function the employee productivity and employee motivation has gone high. Today, most of the organizations have been focusing on matrix organization structure. In this organizational structure, employees typically have business managers and HR managers. (Valle, 2008) highlighted that the role of HR managers is to ensure that employees remain motivated and the issues of employee could be resolved immediately. The HR managers have to perform the traditional role of recruitment, employee relationship, compensation and benefits and at the same time HR, managers have to perform the role of leadership in the organization (Meardi, 2012). Some of the varying role of Human Resource Function and its practitioners can be discussed as: Traditional roles of HR function These would be the most basic roles of HR managers. It is believed that one of the most important and basic function or role of HR managers is recruitment. HR managers are expected to manage internal employees. Traditionally, HR function is considered as an internal function only with the focus on employee grievances and employees issues. HR managers also have to design the compensation packages of employees. In an organization, setting the salary structure is developed by HR managers only (Messersmith, 2012). The role of HR managers would also include training and development. The employees would look towards HR managers to get training. It is important that Human Resource manager should ensure that every new employee of the company gets training. Compliance with labor and employment laws is another critical HR function. Noncompliance can result in workplace complaints based on unfair employment practices, unsafe working conditions and general dissatisfaction with working conditions that can affect productivity and ultimately, profitability. The traditional role of HR managers would also include employee engagement and employee relationship. In several cases, HR managers also have to act as mentor for new employees (Guthrie, 2010). It is the role of HR managers to ensure that new employees can break the ice with existing employees. It is critical that HR managers should have good relationship with employees as employees looks forward to HR managers as a guide. It is also that HR managers should try to bridge the gap between employees expectations and management perception of employees expectations. It would not be an exaggeration to say that the role of HR managers is to act as layer between employees and management. HR managers have to ensure that any friction should not come between management and employees. As discussed above the traditional role of HR managers would include: Service provision role: The employees are the internal customers for HR managers and they have to ensure that all the needs of employee could be meet. Guidance and advice: HR managers are the first point of contact for employees and it is duty of HR managers to guide and advice the employees at every step. HR managers in multicultural environment HR managers have to manage the workforce not only in domestic region but also in international market. As far as the compliance with local laws is considered, MNCs have to comply with the local laws at place. It is important that MNCs should adhere to the local laws when they are expanding into other countries. The role of HR managers is to help organizations to comply with the local law (Boselie, 2009). As far as the matter of discrimination is considered, it can be said that MNCs should adopt anti-discrimination policies in the work place. Under no conditions, MNCs should allow the discrimination of workers. In fact, MNCs can also have the tie up with government officials of countries in order to establish a fair and just job culture. It is a role of HR managers to ensure that organizations should not be discriminating employees in any of the form, knowingly or unknowingly. There was a time when companies used to operate only in domestic boundaries, however with the wave of e commerce companies have expanded well beyond domestic boundaries. It is imperative for companies to understand the local culture of foreign country. In this business model, also the companies have to integrate with local suppliers and distribution channels. In a nutshell, integration is one such thing that cannot be avoided (Ceulemans, 2014). It is better that companies can realize that cultural differences would exists and people have to perform amidst these differences. In fact, these differences could be taken as a positive conflict of mind. Organizations should try to get positive things from these differences. People should respect the views of other people and they should understand the culture of other employees. People or employees should have a tendency to learn good habits from other cultures. This will not be possible unless people leave the feeling of individualism (Mit chell, 2013). It is the role of HR managers to ensure that employees can leave the feeling of individualism and employees are able to work with people from different cultures. It is the responsibility of HR managers to ensure that a good level of integration is achieved among all the business functions. The above discussion would highlight that HR managers have to take the role of Business partner: It is the role of HR manage to ensure that business as usual is not getting affected due to change in internal environment of the company. Strategist role: It is the role of HR manager to participate in the development of the high-level strategy of the company. Equal opportunity for all employees: One of the most important objectives for organizations is to ensure that discrimination at work place could be avoided altogether. It is important that organizations should set strong standards in order to avoid discrimination at workplace. Discrimination can be done on the basis of gender, religion, caste, social culture etc. (Hirsh Kornrich , 2008) mentioned that discrimination at work place is an issue not only for small organizations but also for large organizations. There are various legislations in place that ensures that employers should not adopt discrimination activities. The standards and policies to avoid discrimination can be avoided altogether only when all the employees works against discrimination with the support of HR managers. HR managers have to realize that discrimination would always change its nature and it is almost impossible to leave the discrimination behind. Discrimination could be thought of as something that would just change its nature. The old form of discrimination would go out and new forms would emerge. There was a time when discrimination was about white and black, though it still exists today. In the current time, new ways of discrimination have emerged, such as; discrimination based on interpersonal skills, discrimination based on looks etc. The time is not far when discrimination would also have lot other parameters such as technology. The focus of organizations is to eliminate the negative impacts of discrimination rather than to eliminate the discrimination itself. This role highlights that HR managers acts as guardian for values in an organizational setting. HR managers as innovation and change agents Organizations have realized that have to change in order to develop and grow. It demands that organizations should be flexible and agile. Human resource managers have to wear the hat of multiple organizational functions. The change in the organization could be triggered from a business leader or sales head but the change could be implemented effectively only with the support of human resource managers. HR managers also act as link between employees and management. It is the uncertainty associated with change that acts as a resistance for employees. Therefore, before implementing any change, it is important for management to unfreeze employees. Lewin model of change management is based on the steps of unfreeze, change and refreeze. Therefore, it is important that a holistic understanding of the change should be gathered before implementing any change. It is the tendency of human to get accustomed to a thing that then becomes a comfort zone. It is correct that it would be difficult to sell change or implement change when employees are in their comfort zone. To avoid these situations, HR managers should focus on cross training of employees. Typically, it has been observed that project managers or delivery managers may not willing to let resource go to some other project (Beaufays, 2010). This could not be a best practice because by this managers are putting employees in comfort zone. For example, At Google, engineers are free to select the team, project, and employees and encouraged to change the team. It ensures that employees do not really attain a comfort zone. At Google, an employee working in the Maps team can easily switch to Search Engine team. It would be right to say that HR managers should keep employees vigil and out of comfort zone, so that change management is effective and efficient (Heidenreich, 2014). Talking about the peer pressure, when enlisted, they are changes most powerful allies; when resisted, they are its most stubborn foe. Peers in large organizations are invaluable in spreading behavior change across an enterprise. In that respect, they constitute a woefully underused set of resources, mostly accessible within the informal elements of our organizations. Therefore, it is up to managers and senior leaders that how can they utilize the peer pressure and peer power towards the organizational change, HR managers as internal consultant Emergence of HRM has ensured that employees are made aware of their right and employers can ensure that employees can work without any operational and other issues. With globalization, internationalization, e-commerce and Internet organizations have advanced to more open culture rather than being closed ended (Buren, 2011). In todays fast pace culture, the work matters. Organizations want to have employees that can perform. It is the role of HR managers to provide internal consultancy to employees so that employees can keep pace with organizational goals and objectives. Therefore, in an organizational setting, employees should be asked to speak up for themselves. Management should foster a culture when employees can resist the changes openly. In fact, any resistance from employees should be debated within the organization. Any resistance should be taken up as the avenue for new ideas. It is important that HR managers should also monitor the performance of employees. The performance management is also a critical role of HR managers. The role of HR managers would include to develop performance based reward system. The performance based reward system would ensure that employees motivation and productivity remains high. Conclusion The above paper discussed the role of HRM function and HR managers. With the above discussion, it can be said that the role of HR managers have evolved to contribute to different organizational functions. There was a time when the role of HR manager was internal in nature. In recent times, HR managers are also supposed to keep a watch on external environment of the company. One of the biggest and most challenging role of HR managers is to manager the change. HR managers should realize that resistance to change should not be taken as a bad thing. In fact, any resistance to change in an organization acts as the opportunity to bring new ideas that can make change better. Having said that, it is also important that this resistance to change should be active in nature and not passive. Any resistance to change would be useful only when employees are provided enough freedom to speak up their mind. It is important that Human Resource Managers should develop a culture when communication is op en and two ways (Jimmieson, 2011). It means that low-level employees should also be able to reach out to higher management. It should be the responsibility of HR managers to ensure that some good points of discussion could be derived from resistance to change. Any resistance to change should not be hidden from employees of organization. It would be good if managers and change agents shall communicate freely with all the employees in an organization. References Bordia, P., Restubog, S. L. D., Jimmieson, N. L., Irmer, B. E. (2011). Haunted by the past: Effects of poor change management history on employee attitudes and turnover.Group Organization Management, 1059601110392990. Boon, C., Paauwe, J., Boselie, P., Den Hartog, D. (2009). Institutional pressures and HRM: developing institutional fit.Personnel Review,38(5), 492-508. Dunn, S. (2009) Labour Market Policy for the 21stCentury: Journal on the Future of Trade Unions, pp.1-18 (Online) (Accessed 23/02/2015) Frankland, R., Mitchell, C. M., Ferguson, J. D., Sziklai, A. T., Verma, A. K., Popowski, J. E., Sturgeon, D. H. (2013).U.S. Patent No. 8,484,111. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Glassner, V., Pochet, P. (2011). Why trade unions seek to coordinate wages and collective bargaining in the Eurozone: past developments and future prospects. Glynn, P. J., Taplin, R. (2013). The Role of Employers Organisations and Trade Unions in the Development of Climate Change Policy.International Journal of Climate Change: Impacts Responses,4(4). Jimnez-Jimnez, D., Sanz-Valle, R. (2008). Could HRM support organizational innovation?.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,19(7), 1208-1221. Lozano, R., Ceulemans, K., Seatter, C. S. (2014). Teaching organisational change management for sustainability: designing and delivering a course at the University of Leeds to better prepare future sustainability change agents.Journal of Cleaner Production. Meardi, G. (2012). Union immobility? Trade unions and the freedoms of movement in the enlarged EU.British Journal of Industrial Relations,50(1), 99-120. Messersmith, J. G., Guthrie, J. P. (2010). High performance work systems in emergent organizations: Implications for firm performance.Human resource management,49(2), 241-264. Minkov, M., Hofstede, G. (2011). The evolution of Hofstede's doctrine.Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal,18(1), 10-20. Paauwe, J. (2009). HRM and performance: Achievements, methodological issues and prospects.Journal of management studies,46(1), 129-142. Parkins, I. S., Fishbein, H. D., Ritchey, P. N. (2006). The influence of personality on workplace bullying and discrimination.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,36(10), 2554-2577. Preuss, L., Gold, M., Rees, C. (2014). 1 The rise of corporate social responsibility asa challenge for trade unions.Corporate Social Responsibility and Trade Unions: Perspectives across Europe. Schalkwyk, J., Beeferman, D., Beaufays, F., Byrne, B., Chelba, C., Cohen, M., ... Strope, B. (2010). Your Word is my Command: Google Search by Voice: A Case Study. InAdvances in Speech Recognition(pp. 61-90). Springer US. https://hbr.org/2010/04/positive-peer-pressure-a-power/ Talke, K., Heidenreich, S. (2014). How to Overcome Pro Change Bias: Incorporating Passive and Active Innovation Resistance in Innovation Decision Models.Journal of Product Innovation Management,31(5), 894-907. Van Buren, H. J., Greenwood, M., Sheehan, C. (2011). Strategic human resource management and the decline of employee focus.Human Resource Management Review,21(3), 209-219.

Yoga for Stress Management

Introduction Different people have differing levels to which they can effectively withstand stressing environmental conditions. Factors such as personality types, the emotional stability attributes of different people, and personal temperaments may determine this ability (Kumar Sharma, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Yoga for Stress Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Exposure to stressing environmental conditions has negative consequences to both psychological and physiological health of an individual. Stress may have implication of low satisfaction in life and lead to incapacity for people to work both effectively and efficiently. At organizational level, stress correlates positively with burnout, which constitutes an important factor for high labor turnover (Adhia, Nagendra Mahadevan, 2010). In clinical settings, stress underscores one of the risk factors for cancer, hypertension, and diabetes among other chronic ailments. Although stress may have some positive implications on people, its management mainly concerns dealing with its negative consequences in all lifestyles. Stress management implies the deployment of psychotherapeutically designed techniques for reducing and keeping stress levels under check to ensure proper functioning of people in their everyday work. Yoga comprises one of these techniques having its historical roots in the Hinduism philosophy. For instance, Karma yoga, which is one of Yoga types, aids in controlling stress through the development of appropriate attitudes in relation to work environment coupled with enhancing the ability to respond positively to professional anticipations for managers and employees in any organization, its industry of operation not withstanding (Kumar Sharma, 2011). This research paper argues that everyone should practice yoga as it reduces stress, increases flexibility and stamina, and it can heal common aches and pains. It first presents the background to Yoga before discussing stress and its associated health and organizational managerial challenges.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The goal is to show that if yoga can reduce stress, then stress-related health challenges and organizational management challenges like burnout can also be resolved by embracing the practice. The last part analyses the contribution of the yoga lifestyle in dealing with stress. Background to yoga Yoga is among the six main pillars making the Hindu philosophy. For over one millennium, the philosophy has been fundamental to explaining various experiences of people with regard to mental complexities. Adhia, Nagendra, and Mahadevan (2010) posit that yoga constitutes a technique for lowering fluctuations of people’s mind to ensure that they reach reality of their real nature. It comprises v arious ethical and moral living guidelines. Breathing exercises are the key components for enhancing people’s consciousness and growth spiritually under the yoga sutras philosophy. Yoga Ashtanga comprises guidelines for moral behavior, cognitive learning processes, and various approaches to psychological coupled with physiological practices for improving life (Adhia, Nagendra Mahadevan, 2010). The concepts of Niyama together with Yama focus on inducing appropriate extrinsic behaviors in individuals with the main aim of lowering both bodily and mental disturbances in the quest to reduce stress levels. Yoga attracted the attention of modern elites of western nations from 1850s and later it developed in early years of 1900s. In â€Å"the early 1980s, yoga emerged as one of the popular physical exercise practices among westerners† (Kumar Sharma, 2011, p.19).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Yoga for Stress Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This form of yoga is commonly known as Hatha yoga. The ability of Yoga in alleviating stress and improving the functioning of people’s bodies led to conducting many studies on its capacity to reduce illness associated with stressful situations like asthma, cancer, and heart ailments (Kumar Sharma, 2011). In this sense, it relates to the reduction of mental anxieties to induce mental peace with people’s healthy lifestyles. Its application in clinical disciplines of study relies on psychoneuroimmunology theoretical principles (Yadav Sharma, 2012). In fact, Yoga is practiced with the belief that it has the potentiality of altering people’s personality, emotional, and physical characteristics coupled with fostering and strengthening the capacity to cope with stress positively. This assumption underlines the importance of teaching yoga practices like asanas, pranayama, mudras, and bandhas in physical practi ce lessons. Stress and its associated health and organizational challenges Lack of practice and excessive stress level that are beyond people’s stress thresholds may induce common illnesses such as aches and pains, inflexibility, and lack of mental relaxation. This aspect suggests that yoga principles can help to mitigate these challenges. Chong, Tsunaka, Tsang, Chan, and Wai (2011) argue that any system of yoga may reduce stress effectively, which underlines its continued popularity. Stress implies uncomfortable life through the reduction of its joy by conditions like insomnia and headaches coupled with backaches. These challenges constitute the symptoms of major epidemic illness like osteoporosis. Stress also correlates positively with vata derangement, which describes the condition of reduced instability and flexibility upon excessive rise of air related to the aspects in the body (Treven, 2010).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More High levels of vita air have the implication of causing people to have mood swings due to lack of focus and sound mental state. Major symptoms for this condition include insomnia and anxiety and stress relates to these symptoms. In organizational settings, high stress levels among employees may lead to low organizational productivity. Hence, mechanisms of reducing it concern every manager. For instance, in hospital settings, addressing challenges that may result in high turnover levels among nurses remains crucial to hospitals’ management. Putting in place mechanisms of nurses’ retention is a critical measure for success of any heath institution. Nursing management scholars consider nursing as one of the stressful professions. For instance, Force (2005) argues that nurses often encounter situations that make them burnout. Handling injured and sick patients coupled with handling of almost dying people exposes nurses to emotional turmoil, which may result in higher workp lace related stresses. The value of service delivery within any organization depends on the extents of motivation of employees who deliver services to clients. In health facilities settings, nurses are the persons who are always in close contact with service seekers, viz. the patients. Hence, it is crucial for nursing management to ensure that nurses remain motivated by handling various situations that may render them to having low self-esteem and poor attitude towards their work. Consequently, if yoga practices can reduce stress levels, it implies that deploying it in the healthcare organizational setting can incredibly help in reducing the effects of turnover rates for nurses associated with burnout. Burnout constitutes a response to interpersonal coupled with emotional stressors within work environments. It has inefficacy and disparagement coupled with mental and emotional fatigue as its main aspects (Adhia, Nagendra Mahadevan, 2010). In particular, work-related burnout has nega tive implications on the effectiveness of an organization and its workers’ health. Research in organizational management indentifies burnout and discusses its complexity in affecting work relationships, which leads to organizational conflicts. In organizational settings, the relationship between stress and burnout suggest that yogic practices can offer holistic solutions that can foster its elimination (Adhia, Nagendra Mahadevan, 2010). Yoga lifestyle and stress management From previous discussions, stress is responsible for many challenges encountered by people, both in terms of health and in organizational settings. This aspect underlines the importance of posing the query on the effectiveness of yogic tendencies in managing stress in an effort to resolve challenges encountered in all lifestyles. Adhia, Nagendra, and Mahadevan (2010) study on the yoga practices’ contribution in the reduction of burnout-associated stress among managers hypothesize that managers who e ngage in the practices have higher probabilities of managing burnout more effectively as compared to those who deploy other approaches to mitigate it. The researchers conducted a controlled experiment involving 120 managers at Birla Cellulose Company, in India. They experimentally measured burnout with the help of standardized questionnaires demanding self-reporting after the administration of yogic practices (Adhia, Nagendra Mahadevan, 2010). The main yoga practices given to the people under experiment were spot-jogging, moving hands, and rotation of the body among others. Their experiment indicated that yoga practices reduce stress levels significantly among factory managers. The effect of stress reduction is the diminution of burnout. The managers involved in the experiment showed improvements in contextualizing their work environment through paying focus on the operations of the organization by virtue of the reduction of concentration on other environmental stressors. Therefore , the work of Adhia, Nagendra and Mahadevan (2010) challenges human resource managers across all industries to seek for mechanisms of implementing yogic practices within their organizations. This aspect can help them to manage strenuous environmental conditions effectively to mitigate incidences of workforce’s burnout. Strenuous stimuli can emanate from exposures to natural calamities. Hypothetically, the administration of yoga exercises to survivors of natural disasters can help to reduce stresses associated with the loss of both lives and property. Referring to past literature on the effectiveness of yoga in reducing stress associated with exposures to natural calamities, Telles, Singh, Joshi, and Balkrishna (2010) note that research indicates that administering yoga practices to persons, who have experienced natural calamities, can be effective in managing their stress when the practices are done for one week. The researchers sought to investigate the applicability of this scholarly finding in an Indian context. They administered yoga practices to survivors of the Bihar’s flooding one month after its occurrence in 2008. The study used a sample of 22 male volunteers between the ages of 34 and39 drawn from a population of 1089 flood survivors. The sample was divided into two. The controlled group proceeded with its normal daily chores. The other group enrolled for yoga practices. The practices were done for one hour each day, for one week. In a bid to determine the impact of the yoga practices, the researchers measured variability in heart rates for the two groups, their rates of breathing, and emotional distress. The group undertaking yoga recorded reduced sadness levels, while the controlled group recorded increasing anxiety levels (Telles, Singh, Joshi Balkrishna, 2010). This aspect suggested that the controlled group members were likely to experience more stress associated with exposure to natural disasters as compared to that undertaking y oga. The study by Telles, Singh, Joshi and Balkrishna (2010) suggests that yoga can eliminate negative feelings and thoughts in unconscious memory for people who have experienced natural calamities. Unconscious mind is the second part of the human mind from the perspective of the Freud’s theory of personality. It acts as the principle storage for all thoughts, memories, and feelings coupled with urges that exist outside people’s conscious awareness. With regard to Fleeson (2004), most contents of the unconscious memory are unpleasant or unacceptable under normal circumstances. They include feelings of conflict and pain coupled with anxiety among other issues. Emotional pain and anxiety experienced by survivors of natural calamities is most likely to be held in this part of people’s memory, which yoga can effectively remove. Despite the inadequacy of controlled experimental and empirical studies on the effectiveness of yoga in treating stress, literature on its m echanisms of reducing stress provides sufficient grounds for its ability to constitute a promising way of managing various stress-related health challenges. This goal can be achieved through the Kundaliniyoga school of thought (Granath, Ingvarsson, Thiele Lundberg, 2006). This pedagogy characterizes exercises with stimulation of blood flow coupled with increased blood supply in the brain and the nervous system. Exercises also foster supply of blood in the glands that control the endocrine system (Granath, Ingvarsson, Thiele Lundberg, 2006). The increasing concern over yoga to constitute an effective tool for managing stress prompted Chong et al. (2011) to conduct an intensive systematic review of various studies on the deployment of yoga in the management of stress. The focus was mainly on the RCTs and the CCTs. The study evaluated the studies based on their results’ capacity to lower stress levels coupled with stress-associated symptoms among adults. The studies reviewed b y Chong et al. (2011) indentified various methodological challenges, especially limited availability of follow up information on the capacity of the administered yoga practices, to have completely lowered stress levels in the adults taken through them. However, in all the studies reviewed, within the duration of administration of the yoga exercises, both male and female adult participants had lowered their stress levels coupled with recording reduced stress-related symptoms. The identified challenges in the existing studies on yoga and stress management by Chong et al. (2011) highlight the necessity of conducting studies investigating the long-term impacts of the yoga practices coupled with indentifying biological processes, which result in lowering of stresses after administering them. Granath, Ingvarsson, Thiele, and Lundberg (2006) compared various programs for managing stress with Kundaliyoga. The sample deployed in conducting the research was drawn from a big company in Sweden. Based on gender characteristics, the sample constituted 7 males and 26 females. Through random selections, for every intervention, there were two groups. Since the main goal was to compare behavioral approaches to stress management and the yoga methodology, there were four groups of participants. After administering different programs for the two mechanisms of managing stress for four months, based on variables like anger, mental exhaustion, and heart rate, no differences in results were indentified (Granath, Ingvarsson, Thiele Lundberg, 2006). Granath, Ingvarsson, Thiele and Lundberg (2006) study suggests that other approaches for managing stress can produce similar results to those realized after the administration of yoga. This observation invalidates earlier hypothesis that yoga practices produce better results when applied in stress management as compared to other approaches such as cognitive and behaviors approaches to stress management. Consequently, validations of Adhia, N agendra, and Mahadevan (2010) finding require further research to determine the condition under which yoga comprises the most promising and superior approach to stress management in organizational settings. Amid the necessary further research on the application of yoga in the management of stress among organizational executives, research discussed by Adhia, Nagendra and Mahadevan (2010) proves the effectiveness of yoga in the management of anxiety, which entangles a key component of stress. The study utilized 91 patients drawn from a population of people having anxiety neurosis. The patients were requested to select their preferred treatment approach. Fifty-three (53) selected therapeutic treatment using drugs while 38 selected yoga therapeutic treatment option. All the 91 patients were tested clinically and psychologically for anxiety before commencement of their respective treatment options. Similar tests were also conducted after completing the respective therapeutic treatments. Those taking yogic therapy registered decreased anxiety, while ‘locus of control scale’ reflected higher levels of concentration coupled with higher attention. However, these changes were insignificant statistically (Adhia, Nagendra and Mahadevan, 2010). The group taking drug therapy showed no changes when assessed on a different scale apart from the ‘locus of control scale’. Arguably, this aspect indicated a possibility of effectiveness of yogic therapeutic interventions in reducing anxiety as confirmed by later studies such as Granath, Ingvarsson, Thiele, and Lundberg (2006) and Telles, Singh, Joshi, and Balkrishna (2010). While deploying yogic exercises to manage stress, increase stamina, and enhance body flexibility or remedy common aches and pain, their proper administration is incredibly important. For instance, Treven (2010) notes that a vigorous asana lowers nervous energy, but care is vital while taking overdo. This assertion holds as strenuous exe rcises lead to exhaustion, which when not well balanced with yogic practices to induce relaxation, may cause higher vata derangement levels. This situation leads to symptom rebounds. Kapalabhati together with bhastrika may also counter higher levels of vata derangement (Treven, 2010). Reducing vata derangement requires yogic exercises like Malasana and Sarvagasana. Pratyahara comprises an important yogic practice in stress management. Adhia, Nagendra, and Mahadevan (2010) argue that although people may not notice, auditory coupled with visual stimulations cause a large variety of stresses in the current world. This stimulation emanates from cell phone vibrations, glaring at computers and television screens, street traffic noises, and interaction with other gadgets meant to make life comfortable. Consistent breaks from these stimulations using the yogic concept of Pratyahara may help in reducing stresses instigated by these stimulations. Hence, by deploying yogic practices effectivel y and repeatedly, it may become possible to deal with social, physical, and environmental stressors proactively. Conclusion Yoga entails an effective approach for the management of stress. Conducting yoga practices enable people to manage stressing situations effectively at both mental and physical levels. Based on the discussions on the use of yoga in managing stress, it functions at intellectual levels, subconscious levels, and physical levels. Although predominately employed in ancient India to induce stamina, its capacity to reduce stress in individuals makes it find applications in therapeutic interventions in medical settings to treat ailments associated with stress, and reduce risks factors for ailments whose symptoms are marked by anxiety and aches, which are also indicators of stress. Researches discussed in this paper indicate a positive correlation between yogic practices and low stress levels. Nevertheless, long-term research is critical to ascertain if the practices res ult in a permanent treatment for stress, or they should be done routinely to achieve long-term results in management of stress. Nevertheless, all people should practice yoga to attain the related benefits as espoused in this paper. References Adhia, H., Nagendra, R., Mahadevan, B. (2010). Impact of Adoption of Yoga Way Life on the Reduction of Job Burnout of Managers. The Journal for Decision Makers, 35(2), 21-33. Chong, C., Tsunaka, M., Tsang, H., Chan, E., Wai, C. (2011). Effects of Yoga on Stress Management in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 17(1), 32-38. Fleeson, W. (2004). Moving personality beyond the person-situation debate: The challenge and the opportunity of within-person variability. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(2), 83–87. Force, M. (2005). The Relationship between Effective Nurse Managers and Nursing Retention. Journal of Nursing Administration, 35(8), 336-341. Granath, J., Ingvarsson, S., Thie le, U., Lundberg, U. (2006). Stress Management: A Randomized Study of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Yoga. Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 35(1), 3-10. Kumar, J., Sharma, K. (2011). Karma Yoga: A Philosophical Therapeutic Model for Stress Management. International Journal of Education and Allied Sciences, 3(1), 15-22. Telles, S., Singh, N., Joshi, M., Balkrishna, A. (2010). Post Traumatic Stress Symptoms and Heart Rate Variability in Bihar Flood Survivors Following Yoga: A Randomized Controlled Study. BMC Psychiatry, 10(18), 1-10. Treven, S. (2010). Individual methods for reducing stress in work settings. Interbeing, 4(2), 1-5. Yadav, R., Sharma, R. (2012). Efficacy of a Short-Term Yoga-Based Lifestyle Intervention in Reducing Stress and Inflammation Preliminary Results. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 18(7), 662-667. This research paper on Yoga for Stress Management was written and submitted by user Derr1ck to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Explain and critically assess Weber’s conception of power The WritePass Journal

Explain and critically assess Weber’s conception of power Introduction Explain and critically assess Weber’s conception of power , p.33). Moreover, this was a time of great social and political transformation in the West, whereupon the overall character of European polities had been drastically altered by waves of democratic fervour and revolutionary violence. The Revolutions of 1848, for instance, represented the single most concentrated outcrop of political upheaval in the history of European politics. â€Å"The 1848 revolutions†, says Micheline R. Ishay, â€Å"were a watershed. In the most industrialized countries, they broke the liberal-radical republican alliance against legitimist regimes and catalysed the formation of the most radical human rights perspectives of the century† (2008, p.121). In a very significant sense, said revolutions were a movement against the established power structures of the era. This was a time of great liberal reform and technological change; the social and political apparatuses by which international relations were hitherto understood were being fundamentally tra nsformed – as were theoretical conceptions of power. Although the 1848 Revolutions were mostly checked and curbed within a year of their outbreak, the underlying sentiment and intellectual kindling had not been extinguished. Instead, it fomented in various forms: one of which would lead eventually to the rise of Communism in the early twentieth century. With such conspicuous changes in the makeup of political relations during the nineteenth century, there came concurrent shifts in critical perspectives on how and why such changes occurred. Marx had upheld a perspective that prioritised historical materialism and the fundamental primacy of class struggle as defining political relations. Power, for Marx, concerned the power of those capitalist elites who owned the means of production to exploit the workers whose labour literally made production happen. Marx’s political philosophy was extremely widespread, known even to those who abjured it. For Marx, power also has much to do with class divisions: particularly between those who ow n the means of production, the bourgeoisie, and the workers, or proletariat, who exchange their labour value for wages. Power is thus manifested in the oppression of the proletariat by the bourgeoisie – for whom the social and political structures are geared to preserve the status quo, keeping the workers in a state of social, economic, and political subordination. Marx’s understanding of power, then, is concerned with large scale social and historical forces, particularly as they relate to material and industrial relations in determining power and overall socio-political mechanics. Weber, on the other hand, developed an approach that varied from the Marxian mould, stepping away from the perceived predominance of grand overarching forces in determining social and political relations. As a result, Weber also moved away from Marx’s theory of the strict bourgeoisie/proletariat duality as being the dominant paradigm in political economy. The latter class division was, for Marx, the principle animus for change in capitalist societies. As a consequence, Marx’s conception of power cannot be separated from his overall understanding of the relationship between capitalists and workers. For Weber, socio-economic divisions, and their relations to power, are far more complex than those posited by Marx. Weber understood class distinctions as deriving from more than just an inequality in property relations; instead, Weber posited that it was the unequal distribution of power that resulted in social dividing lines. Power for Weber was, again, more intricate and mu ltifaceted than the kind Marx had proposed. Weber states that power is â€Å"the chance of a man or of a number of men to realize their own will in a communal action even against the resistance of others who are participating in the action† (1968, p.926). Already we can see that Weber’s rendition of power is more abstract and open to interpretation that that of Marx. Further, Weber’s conception of power is similar to modern critical formulations of same; where â€Å"power†, at its most fundamental, â€Å"entails the capacity of one actor to make another actor do something which they would not otherwise do† (Haugaard, 2004, p.304). Most importantly, Weber’s definition is very broad; it allows for application in a number of contexts: social, economic, political, cultural, familial, sexual, interpersonal, and many others. Violence and Coercion: the Centrality of Force in Power Relations Weber’s conception of power is â€Å"inextricably connected to violence and coercion† (Kreisberg, 1992, p.39). Such violence is articulated though various social structures, from the microcosm of the family to the macrocosm of the state. Weber consequently sees â€Å"subjects as being on the receiving end of structures of power† (Whimster and Lash, 2006, p.22). The interactions between these discrete structures of power allow for varying degrees of control over the exercise of violence: where certain individuals or groups have access to or are denied the means to exert their will. For Weber, such means obtain to ideas of legitimacy. Hence, for Weber, the question of power relate to issues about: â€Å"who controls the means of violence; who enjoys a monopoly over economic resources; who controls the legitimate means of political power; and finally who has control over symbolic force† (Turner, 2002, p.215). Social action is thus enabled by control of distin ct fields of power. The more such fields of power can be channelled and consolidated, the more power that obtains. This can be seen very clearly, for example, in the state’s exclusive mandate on legal violence (via armed forces, police, prisons, and so forth). Hence Weber defines the state as â€Å"that agency within society which possesses the monopoly of legitimate violence† (cited in Wanek, 2013, p.12). Accordingly, in Weber’s view, the implicit threat of violence perpetually underwrites the state’s authority. Thus Weber’s position anticipates Mao Zedong’s famous declaration that â€Å"political power grows out of the barrel of a gun† (cited in Wardlaw, 1989, p.43). For Weber, then, coercive force is fundamental to power. Put simply, coercion equates to influence; and influence is power. National political power is therefore structured on implied coercive mechanisms. Hence Weber avers that â€Å"if no social institutions existed that knew the use of violence, then the ‘state’ would be eliminated† (cited in Wagner, 2002, p.120). So conceived, the state is in itself a form of coercive apparatus. Because the state monopolises legal violence, the state is the primary source of power as such. This means access to power is achieved via access to and control over the mechanisms of state. Power is thus manifested in the specific structures on which the social order is based. However, Weber does not believe that power is constituted in coercive force exclusively. Instead, a dynamic of obedience obtains between the ruling class and those ruled: in which the latter group willingly obey their political leaders. Here, Weber’s conce ption of power becomes more complex, delineating ideas of legitimate domination. As Weber perceives it, social conformity, or, as he puts it, â€Å"performance of the command†, may â€Å"have been motivated by the ruled’s own conviction of its propriety, or by his sense of duty, or by fear, or by ‘dull’ custom, or by a desire to obtain some benefit for himself† (1968, p.947). The dominated thus inadvertently cooperate in their domination. Hence we can see that Weber’s conceptualisation of power echoes a Hobbesian perspective, which stresses a central causality between a â€Å"sovereign† power and popular subjugation (Sreedhar, 2010, p.33). Furthermore, state power and interest are related to a conflictual paradigm where self-interest and the will to domination are taken as a given. Weber thus articulates a realist perspective. In addition, Weber’s notion of legitimate domination somewhat chimes with Gramscian hegemony, in that power is constituted and reconstituted in various complex sites, working overall to legitimise the status quo. As a result of this, Weber is distinct from Marx in two very important ways: firstly, he sees power as more abstract, subtle, and complex than Marx does; secondly, he sees power as deriving from many different types of social phenomena – not just class struggle. Following this logic, Weber also applies the same extended complexity to the concept of the origin s of power. Thus, for Weber, power comes from â€Å"three different sources†: â€Å"class (economic power), status (social power), and parties (political power)† (Levine, 2006, p.6). As we can see, then, Weber’s conception of power is based on coercion, force, domination, social structures, and a quasi-hegemonic socio-political structure that promotes and induces willing subjugation in the populace. Weber’s ideas are clearly more reflective of realist political theory than of Marxian idealism, which posits utopic notions of eventual global socialist harmony. This is not to say that Weber wholesale rejects the Marxian position, he does not; rather, he accommodates Marx’s economic arguments in his overall politico-economic model. Further, he expands upon and problematises them. As one would therefore expect, much like his conception of power, Weber’s conception of class is far more nuanced and open to interpretation than that of Marx. For Weber, class pertains to the numerous potential relations that may obtain in a given economic market. In particular, this relates to relationships that arise between an individual, or a group, as concerns a given market. This means that different kinds of economic distinctions will give rise to specific forms of class relation – not just a worker/capitalist polarity. Weber sees class as a social concept that encompasse s numerous iterations within an overall economic purview. Such iterations include professionals, landowners, bankers, financiers, and many others (Hamilton, 1991, p.182). In sum, then, Weber recognises numerous different kinds of class distinctions, each with their own complex sets of power relations. This heterogeneity, in turn, adds complexity to the overall function of power in its specific fields and sites of operation. For Weber, then, power relates to a multiform phenomenon. In treating of the economic dimensions of power, Weber observes that the â€Å"typical chance for a supply of goods, external living conditions, and personal life experiences† are fundamentally determined by â€Å"the amount and kind of power, or lack of such, to dispose of goods or skills† for the sake of â€Å"income in a given economic order† (1968, p.927). Hence Weber observes a clear causal continuum between economic and other kinds of power, where one can come to necessitate (or, at least, facilitate) the other. Where Weber significantly diverges from Marx is in his posited importance of the modes of power that function semi-independently of economic considerations. Specifically, Weber places much emphasis on social status. â€Å"For Weber, status groups are collectives of people with similar lifestyles, and they often overlap with economic class position† (Levine, 2006, p.6). In other words, the socially powerful tend to be located in economically powerful cohorts; at the same time, those without social power tend to be associated with non-economically powerful cohorts. This last assertion can seem very similar to the Marxian view, of the powerful bourgeoisie and non-powerful proletariat. However, the important distinction in Weber’s position is that affinities are drawn more primarily from social, not economic, similarities. Put simply, for Weber, two individuals or groups with similar social lives but different economic statuses could cohere nonetheless; their social alignment supersedes their economic misalignment. The economic distinction is not, for Weber, as integrally conflictual as it is for Marx. This is not to say the Weber does not see class as an important social factor; rather, it to say that, unlike Marx, Weber does not see class struggle as the defining characteristic of history and society. He does not therefore adopt Marx and Engel’s famous assertion that â€Å"all history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggle† (2012, p.33). Hence, while Weber sees class as a significant variable in overall quality of life, in dictating one’s opportunities for advancement, for the acquisition of power, he does not identify a corollary primacy in class as catalysing social action and historical change. Friction between social forces – as embodied by class – is not the central source of social tension. This has to do with Weber’s complex and diverse view of class. Weber sees class as heterogeneous and thus not easily reducible to two opposing factions. Compared to Weber, Marx’s views of power and class are over ly reductive. Of the worker, Weber observes, his â€Å"interests† may â€Å"vary widely, according to whether he is constitutionally qualified for the task at hand to a high, to an average, or to a low degree†, meaning, in consequence, that â€Å"societal or even of communal action† from â€Å"a common class situation† is â€Å"by no means a universal phenomenon† (Weber, 1968, p. 929). In other words, the working class cannot simply be lumped together in a bloc group understood as sharing uniform priorities and ambitions. In many senses, that is, power moves beyond material and economic divisions; cannot be attributed to isolated causes and motivations. Conclusion In conclusion, Weber’s conception of power is much in keeping with that proffered by classical realists, where coercive force constitutes the primary hinge around which political power moves. By extension, other manifestations of power both derive legitimacy from, while at the same time reciprocally legitimating, the state: by functioning within its purview. Weber diverges from Marxian reductivism, rejecting the polarity of capitalist/worker class struggle and the primacy of historical materialism. Weber accordingly refutes Marx’s position that common class identity is sufficient to galvanise a homogenous intellectual action; he thus identifies many more lines of division between various social groups. For Weber, power is deeply related to social structures; indeed, power is seen to body forth though social structures, thereby keeping the popular masses in place. Interestingly, the power invested in said structures works, also, to instil a sense of obedience in the publ ic. The public therefore helps to perpetuate the status quo by conforming with, thus legitimating, the state’s exercise of coercive force. References Hamilton, P., 1991. Max Weber, Critical Assessments 2: Volume 2. London: Routledge. Haugaard, P., 2004. Power: A Reader. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Ishay, M. R., 2008. The History of Human Rights: From Ancient Times to the Globalization Era. Berkley, CA: University of California Press. Levine, R. H., 2006. Social Class and Stratification: Classic Statements and Theoretical Debates. Oxford: Rowman Littlefield. Marx, K. Engels, F., 2012. The Communist Manifesto: A Modern Edition. London: Verso. Sreedhar, S., 2010. Hobbes on Resistance: Defying the Leviathan. New York: Cambridge University Press. Turner, B. S., 2002. Max Weber: From History to Modernity. New York: Routledge. Wagner, H., 2002. War and the State: The Theory of International Politics. Michigan: University of Michigan Press. Wanek, A., 2013. The State and Its Enemies in Papua New Guinea. Richmond: Curzon Press. Wardlaw, G., 1989. Political Terrorism: Theory, Tactics and Counter-Measures. New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. Weber, M., 1968. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, New York: Bedminster Press. Whimster, S. Lash, S., 2006. Max Weber, Rationality and Modernity. Oxon: Routledge.

Discuss how continuity and progression can be promoted in physical Essay

Discuss how continuity and progression can be promoted in physical education in the transition from Key Stage 2 to Key Stage 3 and in teaching and learning acro - Essay Example Continued school developmental work on transition from KS2 to KS3 is improving continuity and progression in physical education between the key stages in a number of areas of activity. Physical education provides a valuable involvement to the whole school curriculum. Students are engaged in developing their knowledge, skills and awareness within a range of physical activities so that they can perform with growing competence and poise. PE provides the chance for students to be innovative, competitive and work cooperatively together, i.e. to know-how to work as a team, in a variety of contextual situations. The diverse learning exposures within physical education tend to encourage spiritual, social, cultural and moral developments with personal growth in terms of self-confidence and self-esteem. The whole PE experience provides cerebral and physical challenges which promote positive approach to learning [3]. Physical education teaches students the importance of exercise and its role to maintaining a consistent healthy lifestyle. It exploits a range of psycho-motoring skills and develops stamina and strength. Students transferring from KS2 to KS3 get to build and maintain physical prowess, as well as to increase their mobility and flexibility. They develop the capacity to express their ideas freely and build upon the ability to be able to produce skilful and creative solutions to problems. PE allows the cultivation of personal qualities of commitment, passion and fairness. It enables the development to appreciate physical concepts of fair play, honest friendly competition and build-up on good character. They build upon the ability to appreciate the artistic qualities of physical movement. PE teaches the students to develop confidence by understanding the capabilities and limitations of oneself and others. Students are further taught to respect and obey logical instructions, regulations a nd able to always put these into

Organizational Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Organizational Change - Essay Example The power and strength of the Army is not only the number but also lies in the contribution from individual soldier. This is because it is not important for them as to what job they have or which rank they hold. The Army has more than 675,000 soldiers which are divided into 488,000 soldiers on Active Duty who are ready to react and fight immediately in any mission and 189,000 soldiers in Army Reserve, who can be mobilized rapidly when their combat and military skills are required in situations of national emergency or in global conflicts (ABOUT THE ARMY). As the US Army consists of a large number of soldiers, it has to be organized into separate units, each with a respective leader and a reporting structure. The Army is separated into two major components as the Active Duty and the Army Reserve. Those who operate in any of the component are known as the Enlisted Soldiers, the Non-Commissioned Officers (NCOs), the Warrant Officers or the Commissioned Officers. The following diagram shows how the Army operational unit is organized (ABOUT THE ARMY). The US military life is tough regime where the soldiers are trained to live and survive in tough conditions. No form of social contact is allowed for them. The result is that when these soldiers return back to their social lives they face difficulty in accommodating themselves with the social culture. They get repulsed by the poor physical fitness of the civilians, by the uncivilized uncouth behavior according to their standards, and by what these army persons considered as pervasive selfishness and aimless consumerism. Many also found themselves avoiding their old friends, and some even experienced problems in communicating with their own families. These soldiers develop this feeling that the civilians are only interested in being losers and underachievers. They find the general civilian life nothing but nasty (The

Managing Communication: Knowledge and Information

Managing Communication: Knowledge and Information In the background of twenty first century, the firms are competing with each other in this challenging and complex environment. It is transformed by numerous factors such as diffusion of technologies, technological development, and information technology along with the use of right knowledge (Hitt, Keats, DeMarie, 1998). This landscape requires every firm to act differently to flourish and survive. For that they have look for new resources of the competitive advantage and some new forms of competition. This it requires the proper understanding of information, knowledge and the proper communication process for gaining competitive advantage. Information is required and it acts as the back bone of the todays business and vital part of large business firms. The massive storage of data needs the purposes from the decision making processes to risk management process. Ernst Young have adopted the combination of information, knowledge and communication ties strategic themes on the basis of globalization such as operational excellence, clients, financial stability and people. This firm confines and takes action on the knowledge within their organization. Information, knowledge and communication process describes their strategies to ensure that they are acting upon to gaining competitive advantage. This large firm uses ERP for their work so that they have achieved higher operational excellence in their work. They use internet and intranet within their organization and its all offices are interconnected with each other. For carrying out the communication process, they held regular meetings for transferring information form one department to other departments. Thus makes it easy for them to gain competitive advantage by adding strategies to their business growth. The large scale business is globally distributed and having reliable as well as stable infrastructure along with the network administration. Its applications handle and run the fast processing. The information technology has enabled the business firm to offer services well. The business communication process has become very vital for managing business growth as well its success. The Ernst Young Company has achieved efficiency with network-based communications such as email and web presence. These tools have supported the customer support that has grown the companies to compete in the larger markets. Some communication applications have made it easier for the firm to communicate and collaborate efficiently with their clients and customers. Thus there is a strong need of the combination of information, knowledge and communication process in the organization. The firm has gained competitive advantage by establishing and providing professional services. This company has provided a broad collection of services for capturing growth and managing risk just by adopting proper communication process. The information, knowledge and communication plays an important role for gaining competitive advantage and it is a better meaning of providing competitive advantage. They all are required in the tangible form to meet the needs of the company. The companies fail due to its inability for managing these points to meet internal as well as external requirements (Hodgson, 1999). As it s discussed in the previous section, EY has adopted information system for communicating with their clients and customers. The company has achieved efficiency with network-based communications. These tools have supported the customer support that has grown the companies to compete in the larger markets. Thus it helps them to grow in the global market. The company has gained the competitive advantage by achieving excellence at the firms level. What managers are doing to improve decision making by using information and knowledge internally and externally to improve decision making and taking? Answer Generally managers make decision on the basis of their perception, understanding, events and people around them. They can experience some instances where their perception is taken as mistakes. The perception along with the right information and knowledge plays an important role in decision making. But it has suggested that managers may get into some problems that result from wrong perceptions, and are considered as rare and they are often negligible. For any decision to be effective, it should make use of relevant, timely and accurate use of information (Ajayi et al., 2007). Managers work on knowledge based activities while decision making. Broadly these activities are divided into two categories such as process and practice oriented practices. The managers use process oriented approach by getting the tactic knowledge. This knowledge can be taken from formal interviews and meetings. The requirements of knowledge and information are known as an outline of the decisions that are to be proved as effective in decision making. The importance of information has not only been at present, but had played quite an important role even in earlier days as Mudrick Rose (1971) suggested that for an organization to survive, information plays supreme role. Managers gather the knowledge and information from some internal and external sources. On the basis of the available data, they implement it for the decision making. The managers in Ernst Young firm play an important role in decision making and they are having good decision making capabilities. The managers take decision on the basis of collected information and gathered knowledge from internal and external sources. They conduct meeting with their peers, their juniors and with their other executives for better decision making process. By doing this, they can get the information at internal level. Also they collect information from the external sources. They communicate with their clients and customers for getting feedback and for knowing about the needs. In addition to these, the time in todays scenario makes use of various ERPs for information handling. Big giants like Ernst Young make use of these information handling techniques for better decision making process. Even the organizations today make use of software tools such as SAP, which has its own intelligence techniques to recommend for better performance and growth of an organization. Managers use these tools for their decision making and various strategic decisions too. Therefore, the time has changed and the approach of managing situations too has changed. Thus, MIS has been in use increasingly at present times. The technique helps in finding the disturbances that are there within the system to help the management take a step for getting against the problem (Obi, 2003). The first step of any decision making process involves the process to define the problem. Managers need to define the problem that exists within their organization. For this purpose, they arrange meetings with their colleagues to know about the exact situation. Based on the analysis made from the meetings, strategic level of management finds out the exact problem statement within an organization. This problem is then taken as the main factor to collect the information related to it there within the organization (and that existing outside the organization as well). From the information collected, various conclusions are drawn that help in exploration of ways to sort out the situation. The management then makes use of the information along with the problem statement to process the information. This processed information is further made use of to come to the final conclusion by making decisions. What are the strategies to increase personal networking to widen Employees Involvement in the decision-making process? Answer Involvement of employee in decision making process creates the basic need of todays marketplace. Managers make an effort to increase the involvement of employees in the organization. Therefore, the well integrated organization results in better outcomes. There are a number of ways by which an organization makes an effort to increase the employee involvement in decision making process using the personal networking approach. The increased rights given to employee to raise his voice and involve in decision making process helps him attain outcomes (Macleod Bradey, 2004). The strategic management department makes an effort to arrange regular get together there within the organization to raise the number of communication of employees. This raises the strength of relationship of members with each other. This also helps them feel comfortable in working with each other. The employees make an effort to communicate with each other at such instances and get rid of any personal distances. This helps in creation of better relations of employees, which raises the opportunity of better performance. The employees work with each other in a better manner using the personal network (Robinson et al., 2004). Therefore, the importance of personal network cannot be ignored. The personal networking helps in establishing better relations there within the organization. The employee feels comfortable working with the organization, thus acts in favour of the organization. Increased power provided to the employee is the root cause of this change in behaviour. The management shall increasingly favour creative and innovative ideas in the meetings and give the employees an opportunity to represent these ideas in meetings. This would help in better opportunities among employees to participate in organizational activities. Therefore, the decision making opportunities are increased. This would further result in motivation among individuals due to increased importance provided to them. Therefore, the operational activities are improved of individuals. The management enjoys benefits due to this act, as the innovation and creativity gives an opportunity of accomplishment and new insights among individuals. The very common cause of employee leaving an organization to join the other is due to lack of importance provided to the employee. Other factors besides this include promotion and rewards (CIPD, 2007). If an organization gives the individuals an opportunity to participate in decision making process, this helps them motivate to work for the organization. Therefore, the management shall incorporate such a kind of strategy at work place that there are improved personal relations of employees there within the organization, and therefore, results in improved performance for the success and growth. Employees shall give the employees an opportunity to discuss directly with the top management in case of any problem. The problems shall be duly heard by the managers. This would further help in improved personal relations of employees. This would act in favour of individuals as well as organization. The staff would be increasingly active to participate in decision making process. This would act as a strong motivating factor for individuals. In addition to this, the employees shall be given an opportunity to discuss their experience with others. There should not be stiff restrictions at place for the management process. This would ensure better flow of information transfer and communication process. Therefore, would help in betterment of the organizational objectives. One should remember that the retention of top performers is of supreme importance for an organization. Therefore, personal networking should retain the employees for long term success. Develop a communication process to improve the decision making and organizational knowledge for your chosen organization. Answer Decision is considered as the form of a communication which takes social prospects of the people in the organizations (Andersen, 2003). There are three groups of the communication process: temporal prospects to the future, accurate prospects at the organization and social prospects that are directed at the participants in the communication process. Communication process plays supreme role for the success of an organization. There should be thorough communication between the two or more entities to ensure the proper flow of information. For Ernest and Young, it is suggested that managers shall arrange regular meetings with their team to motivate them. The targets shall be clearly stated by the managers (As they are at present), along with the motivational meetings. At present there is a hierarchical process for communication between different staff members. However, it is recommended to make use of the shorter channel. There should be a separate software application at work place to communicate. The staff members shall make use of this application to communicate with each other. This should be more or less like Skype. Therefore, the staff would be able to communicate with each other in a faster manner. This communication shall not restrict to particular group of people, but the integration should be of such an extent that an operator can even communicate with the strategic level of management. Thus, the hierarchical structure would be able to communicate with each other without the limitation of any particular group of people. This would be of help in ensuring that there is faster communication within the organization and the prop er strategic decisions are made. The operational level of staff would be able to communicate with the strategic level, thus helping them getting rid of problem conditions, if any. This would ensure the right use of technology and healthy work flow of the staff operations. Decision is an organizational process and can be created when the decisions are interconnected with each other and that can cause the uncertainty in decision making. It is considered that first decision in the process is no longer evaluated further (Seidl and Becker, 2006). The organization would be able to make better decisions thereon. The management would be able to communicate with each other through a direct channel. Therefore, the chances of miscommunication would reduce greatly. This would help in reduction of problem conditions. The flow of information would take place smoothly through this approach within the organization. This would further result in reduced risks of wrong information transfer. The back- up of whole information transfer, whether audio or textual or video, would be recorded to the main server. Therefore, the details are completely saved to the main database. This would help in reviewing all the discussions done, as and when required. Furthermore, the access of previous discussion would also help in analysing the flaw areas that exist within the complete network of Ernst and Young. The business is expected to grow through this strategy. Increased pace of communication and decision making process would help in attaining better results. The decision makers would thus be able to utilize the previous communication details to know about the approach that had helped them gain in the past. Based on this analysis, they can formulate future strategies for growth. This would help them to minimize the risks and make optimal solution of resources. Thus, the strategy is expected to help them in gaining better results. The organizations revenues are also expected to increase through this strategy. What role Knowledge Management plays in managing organisation strategically? Knowledge enables the companies to compete with each other. Knowledge about the customers, competitors, their strategies is very required. Firms have adopted knowledge management in their organization as the strategic orientation. For an example, low cost strategies are required for cost cutting in the organizations. Lowering prices and shortening of cycle times are some differentiation strategies that add value to the organizations. Thus it differentiates firms from their competition. Organizational knowledge theory tells how the knowledge plays an important role for managing organizations strategically. Organizational knowledge is known as the implicit and explicit knowledge that every individual try to acquire about the products, process and systems. The tactic knowledge can be gained by using the forms of cultures, routines etc and explicit knowledge is gained by some databases and manuals (Nahapiet Ghoshal, 1998; Grant, 1996; Nonaka Takeuchi, 1995). Knowledge management is very critical to achieve competitive advantage. External as well as internal sources are considered as important factors of the firms (Kogut Zander, 1992). Ernst young is an independent firm and it is renowned as most admired knowledge enterprises (MAKE). This organization is well known for its corporate knowledge driven firm and it works more on becoming strategically important. This firm creates and leverages the easy access to their knowledge to their clients as well as their practitioners and that has differentiated itself from other companies in the market. The main strategy of the company is that it emphasizes on both learning as well as sharing of knowledge. It connects the skill and ability of their people with the firm to be better that their competitors. EY have adopted client oriented approach or strategy that has been transmitted form the company to the teams for its applications. An applied knowledge management protocol has been implemented for making use of information in decision making, work and information alignment for optimizing performance levels, facilitating problem solving and distribution of knowledge for strategic purpose (CAPa, 1997). This application is effectively assisting the high and value added activities with the strategic context. It also broadcasts its business practices to meet differences. Generally there are two types of organizations that rely on codifying knowledge strategy to make total use of knowledge for individual stores it for easy access by using information and communication technology tools. There are the companies that rely on the personalization strategy for channeling of individual expertise to the right place for person to person interaction. Ernst Young is making explicit knowledge and inserting it in the store areas. It also promotes people network along with the technology based networks. It has also worked for knowledge management strategy but with the interpersonal relationship with their clients. This has emerged as a core concept for the firm. They create better balance between the internal as well as external part with the view of the globalised world (Ezingeard et al., 2002; Bartlett, 2000; Collins, 2002, 1998). The figure states the two dimensions in which one axis shows the degree for developing knowledge management on the technological frameworks from low degree to high. The other axis represents the personal networks on which the organization develops its knowledge sharing capabilities at personal level. The high degree shows the strong integration with the knowledge networks. It is high in the case of the EY firm. It has become a fact that new venture are growing rapidly, thus they have adopted the knowledge management in their organization to become strategically strong. It has been argued that knowledge management is not different issue. Xxxx company have some unique feature of the knowledge management how they are managing the knowledge strategically. This firm has emphasized different knowledge management activities. The adoption of organizational knowledge theory has become very important phenomenon for this firm. Effect of Caffeinated Sports Drink: Exercise and Heart Rate Effect of Caffeinated Sports Drink: Exercise and Heart Rate Manpreet Nijjar The Effect of a Sports Drink containing caffeine or Carbohydrates and the combination combined on Exercise and Heart Rate INVESTIGATION TASK This study investigated the effects of different energy drinks (a carbohydrate based sports drink, a caffeine based sports drink, a drink with the carbohydrates and caffeine combined), on resting heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), run time-to-exhaustion (RTTE), peak exercise HR, and return time to resting HR. RESEARCH QUESTION Would the consumption of particular energy drinks affect one’s heart rate and ability to exercise for longer? BACKGROUND INFORMATION Sports science which incorporates the effective use of nutrition and exercise science is now widely recognised in contributing factor optimising athlete performance. It follows that if an athlete wants to train for longer periods and minimise recovery period between exercises then he or she needs to be well nourished. Many of the body’s metabolic processes involved in exercise are dependent on the components of an athlete’s diet and therefore by adjusting these components, they may be able to change athletic capacity. Recently amongst many young people the use of energy drinks has become fashionable in addition to the more traditional use of multivitamins to improve athletic performance. Illicit taking of performance enhancing drugs, such as anabolic steroids, is also widely-recognised as a means of achieving rapidly improved athletic capabilities. [1, 2]. Despite these widely held beliefs, there is minimal evidence to underpin the claims of manufactures of these energy drinks that they have any significant effect on cardiovascular efficaciousness and overall performance, in particular that of short duration exercise. [3] There is no evidence to suggest that water alone is superior when compared to sports drinks in achieving increased exercise duration and capacity although the reverse has often been demonstrated. [1,5,8] [5-9 not used] A review of various research articles on the use of energy drinks and exercise performance reveals apparently inconsistent findings: Improved performance levels in exercises such as sprint cycling and cycling duration, weight lifting and sprinting. [10-15] No significant difference in exercise performance [11,14,15] Ingredients in the most popular sport drinks include caffeine, and the amino acid taurine, which both may impact on heart rate [18,19], Bichler and colleagues [20] investigated the combination of caffeine and taurine vs. a placebo and found it actually caused a significant decline in heart rate. Additional ingredients are carbohydrates, flavorings, herbs and B-vitamins. The amount and types of carbohydrate found in sports drinks was found to be variable. There were some ‘diet’ energy drinks that had zero carbohydrates compared to some with medium amounts (e.g. Powerade at 3.9g/100ml), and some very high amounts (KX drinks at 9g/100ml). The capacity of the drink to enhance performance is governed by its carbohydrate content. Simple carbohydrates (a combination of sucrose, glucose, and fructose) have been shown to be absorbed swiftly and oxidised easily to release energy; two factors vital to athletes to improve performance. [5,6]. The body uses carbohydrates to do ‘work’ – it is the preferred material for muscle contraction, the central nervous system and fat oxidisation. The body would prefer to use carbohydrates rather than have to break up proteins for energy. Ingested carbohydrates are digested into the bloodstream in the stomach and small intestines as smaller sugar components mainly of fructose, galactose and glucose. Fructose and galactose are then converted to glucose in the liver and released back into the bloodstream where it is used as required. The brain can only use glucose for its energy requirements. After ingestion of carbohydrates, the glucose levels increase in the bloodstream as per the above mechanism. If the body does not utilise this glucose, the excess glucose is stored in the muscles and liver as glycogen which is initiated by the enzyme insulin released by the pancreas. The human body can only store about 20000 calories equivalent of glycogen. Excess glycogen above this level is stored as fat (adipose tissue). When the body is exercising, it will use up the glucose as first choice. When the glucose levels have been depleted, an enzyme called glucagon will reverse the above process –turning glycogen back to glucose- and thus glucose levels in the bloodstream will increase. As muscles can only use the glycogen in them – they cannot borrow from resting muscles – so once the glycogen levels have been used, muscle fatigue results. It is thus important for athletes to restore glycogen levels back to their original levels by consuming carbohydrates. The use of a carbohydrate drink should thus aid by increasing the glucose levels directly after absorption from the stomach – typically 20 minutes after ingestion – and keep glucose levels high so that exercise can be done for longer duration. It should also help recovery time as any used glycogen can be quickly replenished. Another benefit that energy drinks could give the athlete is the restoration of any depleted electrolytes. An action potential sent down a nerve causes the muscle to contract which requires certain electrolytes for it to happen. It the muscle is repeatedly contracted, the electrolytes will become spent. As sports drinks contain electrolytes in them, these spent electrolytes are replaced and thus muscle contraction could happen at peak level. From the above, it can be reasonably assumed that ingestion of a carbohydrate energy sports drink 20 minutes before the commencement of exercise should enhance the athlete’s performance and also aid post exercise recovery. Caffeine, a naturally occurring alkaloid also known as trimethylxanthine, is found in coffee and tea plants and acts as an agonist of the central nervous system. Caffeine is also found in chocolate (from cocoa bean) and used as an additive in fizzy drinks. The percentage found in fizzy drinks is relatively small (approx.12mg/100ml) whereas in sports drinks, it is generally a lot higher (approx. 40mg/1000ml). Caffeine, which has a half-life of between three to five hours, (i.e. the time taken to decrease its concentration by half), is absorbed in the small intestine, then broken down into its components in the liver cell and distributed to body tissues within 45 minutes of ingestion. Caffeine breaks down into the following components [22]: Caffeine Metabolites Of the three metabolites of caffeine, theophylline, which only accounts for 4%, has minimal effect on the body. Of the other two, theobromine, formerly known as xantheose, is a bitter alkaloid and causes vasodilation and decreased ADH hormone production in the kidneys and thus leads to increased urine volume. The final metabolite of caffeine is paraxantine, a competitive nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor and a non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist. The effect of paraxantine on the human body is to: raise intracellular cAMP (a second messenger)which would lead to increased bloodstream glucose levels. A second messenger is a molecule that relays signals received at receptors on the cell surface to the target molecules in the cytosol and/or nucleus and will sometimes amplify this signal. raise free fatty acid concentration in serum by lipolysis (lipid breakdown) -raise plasma epinephrine (adrenaline) levels and increase diastolic blood pressure The overall mechanism and enzymes that caffeine interacts in order to be broken down are shown below, which is taken from PharmGKB website. [27]: [27] From the above information, it is reasonable to expect that following ingestion of a caffeine drink 20 minutes prior to exercise that the resting heart rate would increase due to the release of adrenaline by the caffeine metabolites. One would also expect the athlete to perform better and recover quicker after exercise as the caffeine increases lipolysis and increased glucose levels. Post exercise the resting heart rate will still be higher as the half-life of caffeine is between 3-5 hours. Composition of the drinks used in the experiment: Carbohydrate sports drink Carbonated water, Dextrose (87%), Maltodextrin, Magnesium Carbonate, Acidifier (Citric Acid), Anti-Caking Agent (Magnesium Salts of Fatty Acids), Flavouring, Vitamin C, Vitamin B1, Vitamin B6 Caffeine content 0mg per 250ml serving Carbohydrate content 24.2g per 250ml serving KX sugar free stimulation drink Carbonated water, citric acid, taurine (0.4% ), acidity regulator (trisodium citrate), flavouring, guarana extract (0.12%), colour, sweeteners (aspartame, acesulfame K) caffeine , preservative (potassium sorbate), inositol, B vitamins. Caffeine content 80mg per 250ml serving Carbohydrate content 0mg per 250 ml serving KX simulation drink Citric Acid, Flavouring, Stabilisers (Acacia, Glycerol Esters of Wood Rosins), Caffeine, Preservative (Potassium Sorbate), Inositol, B Vitamins (Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12) Caffeine content 80mg per 250ml serving Carbohydrate content 25g per 250ml serving Placebo drink Carbonated water, flavouring Caffeine content 0mg Carbohydrate content 0g Hypothà ¨ses Hypothesis General Prediction: The consumption of the carbohydrate energy drink will result in no appreciable increase in resting heart rate as well as after any physical activity. I would expect the participants to be able to do physical activity for longer and at a higher intensity. The consumption of the high caffeine energy drink will result in an increase in the resting heart rate and pre and post physical activity. I would also expect the participants to be able to do physical activity for longer and at a higher intensity. The consumption of the combined high caffeine and high carbohydrate drink will I believe increase the resting heart rate due to the caffeine content and also after physical activity it will still remain high. The amount of and intensity of physical activity done by the participants should be higher than the carbohydrate or caffeine drink alone. Post exercise the resting heart rate will be higher although one would expect the recovery time to be quicker than the other drinks. The placebo drink should have no appreciable difference on any resting heart rate or physical activity. Hypothesis: Carbohydrate drink: Consumption of carbohydrates will increase the amount of glucose in the bloodstream after absorption from the GIT. This means a temporarily high amount of glucose in the bloodstream after approximately 20 minutes but if resting, this high glucose amount will induce the production of insulin which will convert the excess glucose to glycogen. This glycogen conversion will reduce the glucose levels in the bloodstream to levels prior to the consumption of the carbohydrate drink. Although there is a popular belief that consumption of sugar-containing food or beverages can lead to temporary hyperactivity, sometimes referred to as a ‘sugar rush’, this is in fact scientifically disproven. [28] Caffeine drink: ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is produced by almost all living things in their cells organelles called mitochondria, and it is one of the nucleotides that make up DNA. It also acts as a cellular signal and the triphosphate acts an energy source for enzymatic reactions. It is not energy itself, but rather temporarily stores energy in its phosphodiester bonds. When the third phosphate bond is created, it immediately is broken and energy is released that can fuel the metabolic chemical reactions required by living organisms, which otherwise would be inefficient. This creates ADP which has one less phosphate attached to the group. An analogy to use with ATP is to think of it as a battery that is getting charged and when it is fully charged, it lets off a spark. This spark initiates the chemical reaction to start to do work in the body. Caffeine acts as an agonist(stimulant) on adenosine receptors but in a very general sense. As caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant which increases metabolism and therefore, the cellular consumption of ATP will cause the heart rate to elevate. So, post consumption, caffeine increases ATP levels in the body, which causes heart rate to elevate. Post exercise the heart rate will stay elevated (higher resting rate) because the presence of caffeine causes increased levels of cAMP, and at the same time enables cAMP to stay active for longer. Increased levels of cAMP result in an increase in ATP; resulting in an elevated heart rate for a longer period. METHOD: To ascertain whether the energy drink affects the resting heart rate: I will be choosing one subject and will be observing the effects the energy drink has on the heart rate at rest as well as after physical activity . Subject must be of normal BMI and without any health ailments in order to make sure I do not have any other factors affecting Subject’s heart rate. First I will be monitoring and recording the subject’s heart rate at fixed intervals after consumption of caffeine. Through this I will be able to conclude the amount of increment in the heart rate caused by the consumption of the energy drink I will also be able to determine the amount time it takes for the heart rate to reach its highest level after the consumption of an energy drink. Further on I will test the effect the energy drink has on the heart rate after physical activity. First I will record the heart rate of subject after running on the treadmill for time of 2 minutes on set speed of 7 km/ph which will give me subject’s heart rate after physical activity without the effect on the energy drink. After which I will make the subject perform the same . I will be making the subject perform this physical activity only after subject reaches peak heart rate after consuming the energy drink (Red Bull).